A Struggling Relationship with Power and Jane Eyres Desire to be Free From It - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1525 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Jane Eyre Essay Did you like this example? In Charlotte Brontes, Jane Eyre, the protagonists experiences in alienation result in her ultimate desire for power and her struggle to be free from it. Janes alienation is divided into many sectors but she bases her rebellion on two: her class and her gender. Both things of which were not circumstantial but rather bred, Jane has constant resentment for being a lower class woman. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Struggling Relationship with Power and Jane Eyres Desire to be Free From It" essay for you Create order Using this as the fuel to her rebellion, Jane refuses to be stepped on by others and rather attempts to coexist with her authoritative surroundings. I tired of the routine of eight years in one afternoon. I desired liberty; for liberty I gasped; for liberty I uttered a prayer; it seemed scattered on the wind then faintly blowing. I abandoned it and framed a humbler supplication; for change, stimulus: that petition, too, seemed swept off into vague space: Then, I cried, half desperate, grant me at least a new servitude!( Bronte 102) Janes struggling relationship with power incites her greed for freedom yet ultimately causes her to sacrifice this freedom for love. Growing up an orphan, Jane had a miserable childhood which resulted in her constant feelings of insecurity, vulnerability, and hopelessness (Paris 145) She was planted in an environment in which the people around her excluded her and would enforce this punishment severely. Entirely dependent she lives with a constant dread of being abandoned by a hostile aunt who perpetually criticizes her from family life, and gives her children license to torment her. (Paris 145) Hostility is just the beginning of her household as Mrs.Reeds actions bleed into cousin John Reeds mentality. John abuses Jane both mentally and physically as he feels the moral duty to make her feel unwanted, unworthy, unable. you are a dependent, mama says; you have no money; your father left you none; you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemens children like us. (Bronte 15) The Reed family portrays a common belief during the Victorian era which is that low social classes were to be kept excluded from societ y and those who are poor should be left vulnerable. Not only does her household deprive her of family life, but it also deprives her at a young age from human contact. The moment Jane finally reacted to her cousin in self-defense, he immediately went to extreme measures by sending her to the red room in which Mr. Reed had died. Jane went through spiritual and physical confinement as she was punished and sent to the untouchable area in Gateshead called the red room. Janes time in this room helped her to ponder on what she had done to deserve this; soon she realized no answer was to be found but the saddening response of being born into dependence and a low race, class, and gender unlike the Reeds. Janes oppression led her to become desperate for freedom, wanting to prove to herself and others that she is not afraid. Upon leaving Gateshead, the novel reverses and Jane is able to prove herself fearless and good in the eyes of others. Despite the trauma of this experience, Jane finds th at the consequences of her rebellion are predominantly positive (Paris 147) Soon after, Mrs. Reed sends Jane to the Lowood Institution, a charity school run by Mr. Brocklehurst. Upon entering the school, Jane spots a solitary girl reading. The girl is Helen Burns, an orphan herself, and she helps Jane learn to endure personal injustice rather than fight it. The time the two spent together was essential in Janes growth throughout the novel, as her personality became much more refined and a sense of religion was brought into her life. After becoming a teacher at Lowood and preaching her beliefs, Jane decided to grow furtherly and with the use of her strong education and experience, she became a governess. This position not only raised her social rank, but it also raised her sense of power, bringing her one step closer to the liberty she deeply desired. I climbed the three staircases, raised the trap-door of the attic, and having reached the leads, looked out afar over sequestered field and hill, and along dim sky- line that then I longed for a power of vision which might overpass that limit; which might reach the busy world, towns, regions full of life I had heard of but never seen that then I desired more of practical experience than I possessed; more of intercourse with my kind, of acquaintance with variety of character, than was here within my reach. (Bronte 129) Although Jane is one step closer to her desired life, she does not feel satisfied with the life she is condemned to: due to her gender. The labor component in the novel is crucial to the expression of the effect of gender and class in Janes life. In the Lowood school Bronte carefully portrays Brocklehurst as one who sees femininity as a construct afforded by middle-class luxury and working-class androgyny as a necessary , though clearly distinct, part of the hierarchical social order. (Godfrey 857) Yet as Jane advances to her position as a governess, she appears fully aware of her radical potentiality and instability of her new position as she moves from a working-class worl d into the middle class. (Godfrey 858) Jane struggles at first with gender abnormality as her working-class identity overlaps her lower-class gender neutrality. However, she soon realizes this is to her advantage as her relationship with Rochester remains in an extremely compliant manner. Janes imagination is what has kept her restless in her liminal world. Jane lets her imagination run wild and allows gleaming visions to come into her mindshe has recognized this realm as a place where impossibilities become reality, and she revels in the power that she holds there. Her imagination is the driving force for the creation and continuation of her world (Clark 22) This world is in between all the many social spheres, it is separated from the others, it is purposefully outcasted. Rochester notices Janes creativity and finds a way to dig deep into her liminal world as he looks at her paintings. Since the moment he met her, Rochester knew she was otherworldly; he is fascinated with her morals, obedience, quietness yet is in constant awe over her challenging character and intelligence. Rochester highlights Janes different personality as he tells her not three in a thousand raw school girls governesses would have answered me as you have just done (Bronte 115) Edward Rochester falls in love with Jane and makes it his duty to extract her from her liminal world and rather plant her in his world. This is a hardship for Jane as it is the commencement of letting go of her dreams, of letting go of her so dreamed liberty. Jane spends days on an emotionally and physically taxing journey that demands all of her strength and further entrenches her in her otherworldliness. At this moment she is in a liminal place, caught between her pitiful past and her unknown future. (Clark 24) Jane has given up some sense of her power as she results in letting Rochester in her liminal world. Reader I married him (Bronte 382) Jane tells us as she lets go of the gasp she had been holding in for so long, finally letting the reader momentarily into her world through writing. Throughout the novel, Jane is an enigma, a threat to other characters who only want to destroy her and her ideas. Early in the novel, characters describe Jane almost exclusively with derogatory labels (Peters 59) She does not easily fit into the established roles of either gentry or servants, and so society defaults to separating her in order to transform her into something other than human. Her childhood is drowned in negative labeling from all her living family members such as imp, rat, mad cat (Peters 59) Soon, the marginalization she encounters throughout her life reverses to positive labeling as Rochester and others see her as an angel, fairy, dove, and genii. (Peters 62) Janes character and want for power grows strong through these experiences as she becomes distinct in challenging cultural norms concerning class and gender, the two things which fueled her rebellion. Janes greed for freedom, for liberty, for being set free is sacrificed for the love of Rochester. I will be your neighbor, your nurse, your housekeeper. I find you lonely: I will be your companion to read to you, to walk with you, to sit with you, to wait on you, to be eyes and hands to you. Cease to look so melancholy, my dear master; you shall not be left desolate, so long as I live. (Bronte 502) This action can be seen as a form of ultimate love, yet it can also be seen as Jane being drowned by thoughts of past marginalization and in fear, subverting back into the servant she once was, except now to a long-lost lover. I am strangely glad to get back again to you: and wherever you are is my home my only home. (Bronte 283) Perhaps the purpose Jane most desired for her life was not power or liberty but rather belonging, belonging to someone who belonged to her as well.

The Castle Essay - 761 Words

The Castle Shiro bolted through the frozen forest, the burning remains of the monastery still visible on the hill. The sweat was frozen on Shiros exposed skin like an icy shell, and the snow cut into his feet like knives. Shiro was a monk. A monk who had lost his home and his friends, and was running for his life. The monastery was often attacked by seemingly supernatural forces, but this was different. They were organized, as if they had a leader. Shiro ´s sleek, muscular form, toned by many years of combat, stood still as he crouched low and listened, his senses in maximum overdrive. Nothing except the faint cracking and splintering of the burning building in the distance. Then, he heard it. The subtle, yet noticeable crunch in the†¦show more content†¦The weapon was elegant. With a handle wrapped in the finest weave, and an elegantly carved brass hand guard. The long curved blade, made of tempered steel and sharpened to the point of impossibility. The sheath was worn, battered, and well used. You wouldnt expect such an elegant weapon to be concealed in such a crude sheath. The creature hissed and stepped back, looking at the simple sword like it might explode.  ¨Go back to whatever pit of rot you came from and you will be spared.† The creature opened its mouth wide in a sort of grin and called out into the frozen night. Shiro took a powerful step forward, solidly planting his feet into the snow and slashed at the creature with his blade. The creature sidestepped and took a swipe at Shiro with its talons. Shiro spun, and side stepped, leaving the creature off guard, and allowing Shiro to swipe his sword up, cutting deep into the creatures hide. The beast howled into the night, falling to one knee, made one final attempt and lashed out. Shiro stabbed his sword into the creatures hand and pushed the blade forward, splitting the bone down the middle and out through the shoulder, silencing the monster ´s howls. 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Suspenseful poem Essay Example For Students

Suspenseful poem Essay The Eve of St. Agnes is built up of a series of deliberate contrasts. By means of a close examination of three distinct passages, explore Keats use of contrast in the poem. There are three main contrasts used in this poem Christian/Pagan imagery, cold/warm images, and often the contrast of colour. In a way, temperature and colour are linked; deep reds, yellows and oranges represent heat and life, whereas blues and silvers indicate chill absence of life. Also in The Eve of St.Agnes is a strong question of whether Porphyros intentions are honest and wholesome, or if he is somehow using Madelines trance-like state and helplessness to his perverse advantage. It is also full of wonderful Keatsian paradoxes, which will also be outlined in the contrast analyses. There is a strong element of the harsh outside world invading the warmth and safety of Madelines glowing room, and also the suspense of the other guests, who could catch the unwelcome Porphyro at any time. Through constant clashes of colour, emotion, light and sound, Keats makes this a very unsettling and suspenseful poem, showing a far darker and more ominous side to the dominating mans role in courtly love. Full on this casement shone the wintry moon, And threw warm gules on Madelines fair breast, As down she knelt for heavens grace and boon; Rose-bloom fell on her hands, together prest, And on her silver cross soft amethyst, And on her hair a glory, like a saint: She seemd a splendid angel, newly drest, Save wings, for heaven:- Porphyro grew faint: She knelt, so pure a thing, so free from mortal taint. This stanza brings up some strong colour and religious contrasts. As the previously harsh and cold winter moon shines into Madelines bedroom, a previously described beautiful ornate casement transforms the cold blue light into warm gules, or deep, warm red. This gives the casement and Madelines environment as a whole a sort of holy, warm and safe feeling, protected from the cold outside world. Keats then goes on to describe Madelines piety as she kneels to pray for heavens grace. Keats often emphasises her holiness to reflect Porphyros perversity and almost sacrilege, as he gazes with a lusty eye upon such a pure, innocent girl. However not all about Madeline seems entirely pure, as shown by Keats use of seemd a splendid angel. This hint of nothing being as certain as you think is often used to emphasise ambiguity and leave an unsettling foreboding as to what will happen next. The very fact that Madeline partakes in this seemingly religious act just to find out who will take her virginity is a contradiction in terms Madeline is in a way praying to lose her innocence, and that is exactly what happens. Notice also the amethyst on her cross. Again, the deep, warm, almost lusty amethyst colour contrasting with the cold silver of her holy cross. At the end of the stanza, we are reminded of the ominous presence of Porphyro, crouching with lusty espying eyes and waiting anxiously to have his wicked way with this maiden. That ancient Beadsman heard the prelude soft; And so it chancd, for many a door was wide, From hurry to and fro. Soon, up aloft, The silver, snarling trumpets gan to chide: The level chambers, ready with their pride, Were glowing to receive a thousand guests: The carved angels, ever eager-eyed, Stard, where upon their heads the cornice rests, With hair blown back, and wings put cross-wise on their breasts.

Renaissance Essays (553 words) - Philosophical Movements, Culture

Renaissance History has shown us how civilizations evolve over time. Broadly interpreted, the age of Diocletian marked a decisive stage in the transition from the classical, the Greco-Roman, civilization of the ancient Roman Empire to the Christian-Germanic civilization of the early Middle Ages. Similarly interpreted, "the age of the Renaissance marked the transition from the civilization of the Middle Ages to the modern world"(Ferguson 1). Therefore, the Renaissance is the beginning of the modern world and modern government. In law the tendency was to challenge the abstract dialectical method of the medieval jurists with a philological and historical interpretation of the sources of Roman Law. As for political thought, the medieval proposition that the preservation of liberty, law, and justice constitutes the central aim of political life was challenged but not overthrown by Renaissance theorists. They contended that the central task of government was to maintain security and peace. Machiavelli maintained that the creative force (virtj) of the ruler was the key to the preservation of both his own position and the well-being of his subjects, an idea consonant with contemporary politics. Italian city-states were transformed during the Renaissance from communes to territorial states, each of which sought to expand at the expense of the others. Territorial unification also took place in Spain, France, and England. The process was aided by modern diplomacy, which took its place beside the new warfare when the Italian city-states established resident embassies at foreign courts. By the 16th century, the institution of permanent embassies spread northward to France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire. Renaissance churchmen, particularly in the higher echelons, patterned their behavior after the mores and ethics of lay society. The activities of popes, cardinals, and bishops were scarcely distinguishable from those of secular merchants and political figures. At the same time, Christianity remained a vital and essential element of Renaissance culture. Preachers, such as San Bernardino of Siena, and theologians and prelates, such as Sant'Antonino of Florence, attracted large audiences and were revered. Moreover, many humanists were concerned with theological questions and applied the new philological and historical scholarship to the study and interpretation of the early church fathers. The humanist approach to theology and scripture may be traced from the Italian scholar Petrarch to the Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus; it made a powerful impact on Roman Catholics and Protestants. Some medievalists contend that the inflated eloquence and dull neoclassicism of much humanist writing undermine the claim that the Renaissance was a turning point in Western civilization. Although these contentions are valid to some degree, the Renaissance clearly was a time in which long-standing beliefs were tested; it was a period of intellectual ferment, preparing the ground for the thinkers and scientists of the 17th century, who were far more original than the Renaissance humanists. The Renaissance idea that humankind rules nature is akin to Sir Francis Bacon's concept of human dominance over nature's elements, which initiated the development of modern science and technology. Medieval notions of republicanism and liberty, preserved and defended with classical precedents by Renaissance thinkers, had an indelible impact on the course of English constitutional theory and may have been a source for the conception of government espoused by the Founding Fathers of American constitutionalism. Above all, however, "the age of the Renaissance marked a decisive stage in the transition from Middle Ages to the modern world"(Ferguson 1). --- Works Cited Morgan, Michael. Classics of Moral and Political Theory. Indianapolisis: Hacket Publishing Company, 1992. 417-419. Ferguson, Wallace. The Renaisance. New York: Harper & Row Publishing Inc., 1963. 1-29

Women Development Policy 2011 Essay Example

Women Development Policy 2011 Essay 1. Introduction Half of the populations of our country are women. So women development is the precondition of national development. There should have equal opportunity and equal rights for women to ensure national development. In our constitution through several articles the equal rights and opportunity of both men and women have been established. It is a harsh reality that it needed 40 long years after its independence to come up with a policy guideline to ensure the rights of its women. The women development policy has created a great scope for the advancement of women empowerment. The national women development policy has ensured women’s rights in formulation and implementation of economic policies. 2. Background The National Women Development Policy (NWDP) was first formulated in 1997 by the then Awami League government. But it was not possible for the then government to implement the policy. The Awami league government has also taken two years to turn their words into action, as reinstating the 1997 women policy was one of the electoral manifesto of the current government. In 2004, the then BNP Jammaat led government approved another women development policy deleting or replacing phrases like ‘equal right’, ‘equal and full participation’, â€Å"right to land†, â€Å"inheritance† and ‘property’, with ‘constitutional right’, ‘preference’ and ‘greater participation’. In 2008, the then caretaker government announced the women development policy legalizing women’s equal rights, including property rights, which were opposed by a section of Islamic clerics. The present policy is the revival of 1997 women development policy, to the fulfillment of an election pledge by Awami League. 3. Development planning and women We will write a custom essay sample on Women Development Policy 2011 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women Development Policy 2011 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women Development Policy 2011 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the first five year (1973-1978) program had been taken to rehabilitate the women. For the first time emphasis was given on women development. The issues on which importance were given includes women education, health and family planning, social welfare development women empowerment. Different programs were taken on the basis of foreign fund. 1972 the then government established women rehabilitation board for women development. In the second five year plan (1978-1980) several programs were taken to empower women and to increase their capability. Same programs had been taken in the third five year plan (1985-1990). In the forth five year plan (1990-1995) women are considered as a part of socio-economic development several programs has been taken to introduce them in the main development activity. Followings issues are given much importance for women development: * Education * Health * Ensure women participation in agriculture trade and commerce * Eliminate poverty * Provide legal assistance to women etc. In the fifth five year plan much importance has given on those issues. Government has ratified CEDAW charter, Beijing Platform for Action and government has also promised to implement national plan for women development. . World perspective and Bangladesh Bangladesh actively participated in the first world women conference, Mexico in 1975. So women development is considered as an international issue. The United National (UN) declared the year 1975 as the ‘women year’, for the achievement of socio-economic, political development and empowerment of women. The second women conference was held Copenhagen in 1980. The conference indentified three broad goals such as education, health and employment. The third world women conference was held in Kenya, 1985. The common wealth formulated ‘Gender and Development’ program in 1995. Bangladesh has ratified the ‘Beijing Declaration’. It was also promised to implement the development planning for women development. 5. Elimination of all forms of discrimination against women To eliminate all forms of discrimination against women in socio-economic sphere of life the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) was formulated in UN in December 1979 and it was activated in September, 3, 1981. In 1984 Bangladesh ratified this CEDAW charter through reserving the four articles 2, 13 (a), 16 (a) and (f). Bangladesh has to submit report to UN every four years. The last sixth and seventh periodic report was placed to UN in 2009 and it was presented in CEDAW committee in 25th January, 2011. 6. Human rights of women and constitution The constitution of People’s Republic of Bangladesh was introduced in 1972. According to article 28 (1), ‘The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. ’ In the article 28 (2), â€Å"Women shall have equal rights with men in all shares of the state and of public life. In the article 29 (1) it has said that, ‘there shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in respect of employment or office in the service of the republic. ’ According to article: 65 (3) of our constitution, â€Å"there shall be reserved forty-five seats exclusively for women members† and in the article 9, women participation has been ensured in the local government institutio ns. 7. Present condition of women Women have to equally participate in education, training, science and technology to ensure their economic empowerment. Women have remarkable achievements during the last 100 years. They are playing significant role in medical, training, administration, politics and decision making process. Their participation in different challenging professions such as- doctor, engineer, scientist, police, army, navy are increasing day by day. So to make this development process more strong we have to ensure equal participation and opportunity of both men and women in every aspect of life. The necessity of women policy knows no bound in this regard we should eliminate all sorts of existing discrimination against women. The present condition of women has discussed below:- 7. 1. Women in different profession During the last 100 years women have achieved only 30 percent progress. In the education and employment sector women have one third presences against men. In the 9th parliamentary election only 19 women have elected directly. Women have 45 reserved seats in parliament. The grand total of women members in parliament is 64. Although there are five women minister including prime minister are responsive for important ministry. In the law profession women have only one forth participation. In the secretary level of government there were only four women in 2010. At present there are five women justice in the high court. According to last year police report there are 1,937 women police in police department. From recent research work done by ‘women for women’, it can be said that only 8-10% women are working in the government offices as the 1st and 2nd class gazetted officer. Although there should have equal rights for both men and women. 7. 2. Women in education There is not much difference between boys and girls in the primary and secondary education level. But in case of higher education the difference rate is 0. 53. They are not being able to take higher education for child marriage. A report of UNICEF world children shows that, in our country 64% women get married before they become 18 years old. 7. 3. Women participation in economic activity In the labour market there is a huge difference between male and female labour. A report shows that in the recent 10 years 1 crore 30 Lac labour entered into labour market, among them 50 Lac are women. A survey of Bangladesh statistical Bureaus shows that, economical capable labour force is 4 crore 95 Lac, among them 1 crore 13 Lac are women. 48. 0 percent of the total labour force are involved in agriculture. The women who are involved in economic activity get lower wage than a man. In a manufactory market women earn 43 percent income than a man. In the readymade garments sector, agriculture and construction sector we can see a huge wage discrimination between men and women which is not acceptable at all. In the recent 2010-11 budget education ministry ha s allotted only 23-29 percent and health ministry has allotted only 32. 33 percent money of their total expenditure. So such discrimination is not acceptable. 7. 4. Increase rate of women oppression The trend of women oppression has changed in the recent time. Besides eve teasing women are oppressed regularly through mobile and internet. A research shows that about 39. 7 percent of urban women and about 41. 7 percent of rural women are oppressed differently in our country. A chart is shows in these regard below: Type of oppression| 2005| 2006| 2007| 2008| 2009| Acid attach | 13| 142| 95| 80| 63| Familial oppression| 89| 635| 577| 608| 281| Oppression for dowry | 356| 334| 294| 296| 285| Rape| 585| 515| 436| 486| 446| Fatwa | 46| 39| 35| 20| 35| Sultana, 2010: 12, The Daily Nayadiganto) 7. 5. Women’s achievement are not few Although women are oppressed, harassed and facing different kinds of discrimination, their achievements are not little at all. Mother is now introduced as a guardian of her children and in the recent time as women gets an opportunity to become a justice of high court. Victim center for depressed women children, familial conflict law-2011 has been passed, introducing leave for mother for six months and for formulating gender based budget for 10 ministry during the financial year 2010-11. Sultana, 2010: 12, The Daily Nayadiganto) 8. Women and law To prevent women and children oppression the existing laws are revised and government has also formulated new laws. Some of the significant laws are below:- * Dowry Prevention Law * Child Marriage Prevention Law * Women and Children Oppression Prevention Law-2010 For providing legal assistance and advice to the victim women and children a cell and rehabilitation centers have been established. 8. 1. Familial Conflict Law- 2010 Familial conflict law-2010 is formulated to ensure equal rights of women and children which has been discussed in our constitution CEDAW charter of UN 1979 and children rights charter, 1989. 8. 2. Citizenship Law (Revised), 2009 The citizenship law was revised by the parliament in 2009. Through the revised law mother has given the right to give citizenship of her children. 8. 3. Mobile Court Law, 2009 To reduce eve teasing and prevent sexual harassment an article 509 has been introduced in the mobile court law, where the executive magistrate has given the power to take immediate measures regarding those issues. 9. Difference between National Women Development Policy -1997 2011 It is a harsh reality that in a country that was born protesting against oppression and injustice, it needed 40 long years after its independence to come up with a policy guideline to ensure the right of its women. The government approval of the women development policy 2011 in a view to preserve women rights has been seen by many as a major step forward in women’s fight to come out of their subordinate status. Approving of this policy was one of the electoral manifestos of the ruling party which, in their earlier tenure has formulated a women’s development policy in 1997. The present policy promises to create an enormous scope for women empowerment in Bangladesh. Formed from 1997 to 2011 if took a long time for the women development policy to see the light of the day. Although the 1997 women policy proposed equal rights of women in inherited property and proposed unnecessary amendments to existing contradictory laws. The 2011 policy has conveniently avoided the issue of equal rights of women to inheritance. The new policy says that women will have full control over the inherited and earned property instead of mentioning equal right of them. The NWDP 2011 has also made a wide scope for women’s development in Bangladesh in all aspects. The new policy has included some additional contemporary issues. Such as:- * Provisions for the development of indigenous women, physically or intellectually challenged women. * Rights of women coping with the effect of climate change and so on. Again, the new policy has incorporated a clause to formulate a gender sensitive budget. This budget can ensure women’s inclusion in the whole planning and development programme of the country. 10. Objectives of National Women Development Policy -2011 Followings are the objectives of NWDP-2011: (a) Establish equal rights for women and men according to the constitution of People’s Republic of Bangladesh in every aspect of state lives. (b) Ensure security of women in social familial and state life. (c) Ensure the economic, political, social, administrative and legal empowerment of women. (d) Establish the human rights of women. (e) Ensure the full and equal rights of women to participate in socio-economic development. (f) Build up women as educated expert human resource. g) Eliminate all kinds of discrimination between men and women. (h) Eliminate all sorts of oppression to women and children. (i) Provide necessary services for women development. (j) Proper step should be taken to ensure the sound health and nutritious of women. (k) Innovate and import new technology for women and banned the use of those technology which goes wrong with women. (l) Provision for the develo pment of indigenous women, physically or intellectually challenged women. (m) Give assistance to women entrepreneur to develop their business. 11. Necessity of women development policy In our society we can see that women are deprived of their rights and opportunity in every aspect of their life. Although the half of the population of our country are women. Without their full participation in the development process we will not be able to go ahead further. So their contribution knows know bound. In that case the national women development policy can play an important role for protecting their rights. In this sense we can give a practical examples: In our country women have to struggle for the control over earned property in many cases, this policy will help to establish one’s rights to own property. Regarding the control over property, women often need to coupe to court, fight cases and then manage to get a verdict in their favour. But this policy will change the state of women who will not be requiring court cases to establish their ownership over their property and their rights to be recognized. National women development policy is needed for the following reasons: (a) Preservation of human rights of women Human rights are those which are needed for a human to live independently. A state’s constitution, a law or the international laws are the highest paper of human rights. State is aware to protect these rights. But in modern times the human rights of a man are not followed properly. But in the most of the cases the human have rights of women are not maintained. Women have to struggle in their every aspect of life from birth to death. They are depriving of their rights. The present women policy is a milestone for the women for preserving their minimum rights. The policy will help to strengthen their rights and to achieve their desired goals. (b) Preventing women oppression Bangladesh is one of the poor countries of the third world. Beside this our social structure is not helpful for the overall development of the women. Women have a limited and weak participation in the social structure and most of the people belief in social and religions superstition. This leads to the under development of women. Women are oppressed physically and mentally from his own house to the different aspects of his life. In our daily newspapers we have a lot of proof of such incidents. In our country there are various reasons behind such oppression, as like dowry, familial misunderstanding and impoliteness behavior of men. In recent time’s acid throwing, fatwabazi and sexual harassment has increased at a large number. For those reason the government should come forward to stop this oppression and ensure the constitutional rights of women. Hence, the NWDP is an effective step taken by the government. (c) Ensure women empowerment Women should be empowered socially, politically and economically. Women empowerment will be ensured when a woman will be able to take her decision independently. But in our social structure women are considered as the subordinate to men and they force women to do their duty. Women should come forward to establish their position. Both women and men have their equal right and dignity. From the dawn of the civilization women and men worked together to make the future brighter. To ensure the participation of women in the development process they need to be empowered mentally, economically and politically. That is why modern social science termed women development as the empowerment of women. Empowerment is linked to the total human emancipation. (d) Bring a positive change in social structure Human life is not stable. There should have a positive change with this changing process. We have to keep pace with this process. But some people in the third world countries do not like the positive change to happen in reality in society. They show excuses to prevent this change. Gender issue is an important aspect of society. It determines the relationship status between men and women. Although our constitutions strictly ensured the equal rights of men and women in every aspect of their life. For that reason we have to make a positive change in the relationship between men and women. In a certain point of the social development process a few socially determined actors created a cultural hemisphere, which pushed the civilization not to think women as equal to the men. This cultural phenomenon changed the thought process of society and the society started discrimination between men and women and ultimately women become change a deprived part of society. So we should have to change such pattern of the society. (e) Achieving economic and social development Although women ar e the half of the population of our country but they cannot fully participate in the economic development process of our country. Their activities are only limited to the domestic work, which is unfair and rude. But if they get enough opportunity they will be able to proof themselves. They can able to do any difficult task. Their strong participation in the agricultural sector industrial sector especially readymade garments sector have strengthen our economy. The recent women policy has proposed to ensure equal and full participation of women in every sector they like. In one side it is necessary to empower our women and the other side it is much needed for bringing socio-economic development. f) Achieving democracy and good governance Democracy and good governance are those elements which should be practiced regularly. In a democratic process people have their right to protect their will. It is a cruel reality, women are deprived in family and society, in decision making process, in administrative process of governance and most importantly in economic activities. Even the women contribute in the process of soc ial development, which has also financial value, are being ignored by the society. Presently this process gets extra momentum as one vice-chairman at upazilla level has already been included and deputy mayor at municipality level is going to be include. The present women development policy is a milestone for achieving true democracy and good governance in our country. Source†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12. Debate with National Women Development Policy-2011 There is a on going discussion about the National Women Development Policy 2011 (NWDP). There are lots of debate about this policy going around the country. â€Å"Inherited property† is at the focal point of their debate. Islamic Oikya Jote (IOJ), a partner of the BNP led opposition alliance has been assuming that the women development policy might contradict Muslim law with regard to equal share of women in inherited property. In a number of statements by the Ministry of Women and Children Affairs (MOWCA) said that, the policy does not contradict with Muslim law. The new policy says that women will have full control over the inherited and earned property instead of mentioning equal rights to them. But the activists of Islamic organization do not agree with that statements. The concept of ‘property’ has a number of dimensions. One is â€Å"movable property†, another is â€Å"fixed property†, â€Å"earned property† or ‘inherited property’. In a broad sense women will be given equal opportunity and full control over respective properties as Bangladesh is a country where women often cannot claim hundred percent control over any kind of property. This policy would help women to have control over their existing and earned property. In the proposed NWDP the government has decided to amend existing contradictory laws to ensure equal rights, equal opportunity and equal participation of men and women in every aspect of life. On the other side government has also promised to implement the â€Å"Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). In the CEDAW charter, it is told to ensure equal rights of men and women in every aspects of social life. So that the Islamic thinker and the analyst of this policy think that there will be a scope of equal rights of women in the inherited property. But the government in disagrees with that. There are so many in sentiency and self-enmity of this women development policy. These are described below: In the article 25. of women development policy 2011 it is said that, women have full control over their right to land, earned property, inheritance and credit to earn and enact necessary new laws to put these rights into practice. According to government statement, in the women policy women do not have the equal rights to inherited property. But in the article 16. 1 it is mentioned that, â€Å"Men and women should gave equal rights in ev ery aspect of life according to the constitution of People’s Republic of Bangladesh. † In article 16. 8 it is said that, â€Å"all sorts of existing discrimination between men women will be removed. In article 17. 1 it is mentioned that, â€Å"all sorts of discrimination in case of political, economic social and cultural rights of women will be removed and government has also promised to implement the CEDAW charter in that policy. † According to the article 17. 2, â€Å"necessary steps will be taken for the publicity of CEDAW charter and implementation of that. † In the article 17. 4 it is said that, â€Å"necessary amendments of existing contradictory laws. † According to the women development policy, women should have equal rights and equal opportunity in every sector. So ultimately the religious leaders think that women should have equal rights in their inherited property. Some problems and the issues which go against the holy Quran and Sunnah are as follows: (i) The women development policy is formulated as a strategy to implement the CEDAW charter. The articles 2, 3, 9, 13 and 16 of CEDAW charter go against the Islam. But in that women policy government has expressed his full wish to implement the CEDAW charter. (ii) In the women policy there is a reflection of CEDAW charter. In the CEDAW charter women are presented as the European style, where the Islamic orders are not followed at all. But Islamic culture is totally different. (iii) In the women development policy women have given equal rights in every sector. But in Islam it has also ensured the equal rights of women but men must have to play the leading role. (iv) The religious leaders think that, in the women policy the system of maintaining religious ritual and order is ignored totally. (v) The religion Islam has built a social life through the mutual cooperation of both men and women. So that the few religious leaders think that the present women policy will break this familial bond. As a result they consider this policy as anti-Islamic. (vi) Based on some article of women policy there should have a chance of establishing equality between men and women in future. 13. The position of civil society regarding this debate The present women development policy has been criticized by the different religion based political party. They termed the women policy as anti Quran. But on the other side the civil society has welcomed this policy. Different women organization, activists, Nagorik Uddgog, professionals and intellectuals have appreciated this government’s initiative to ensure omen’s rights. We have discussed some problems of women policy. The civil society has cleared their position regarding these problems: (i) Those who are opposing the women policy they fear that through this policy women of our country will be forced to maintain the western culture. It is just only their fore cast, but in real there should not have any scope of maintaining western c ulture. Culture belongs to a nation. We have a long tradition of our Bengali culture. We have a cultural tradition of our own. So we do not need to follow others. ii) The second reason behind their enmity is that women policy will destroy the familial bond of our society. But their imagination is absolutely wrong. In our society women are always deprived of everything they need. They are very much controlled by the male dominated society. They are treated as the subordinate to men. There should have mutual respect, equity and cooperation among them. Whenever a women stands for her legal rights, at that time it seems very negative for the entire society. Even the religious leaders do not take it positively. But the women policy will strengthen the tie of familial bond. iii) Another fact is that, for the present women development policy there will be an equal opportunity for the women to establish equality in inherited property in future. But the government has already avoided the iss ue of equal rights of women in inheritance. The new policy says that women will have full control over the inherited and earned property instead of mentioning equal rights to them. (iv) The forth reason is that the system of safeguarding women according to islam is neglected here. But anywhere of the women policy there is no such scope of avoiding this issue. The Islamist group just only misguiding the people. Every woman has their right to maintain her dress code. It depends on her choice and it is related to our cultural system. Nobody is bound to follow any rules here. Nothing is said on that issue in the policy. (Majumdar, 2011:12, The Daily Prothom Alo). 14. Challenges of implementing women development policy-2011 (i) Male dominated society and their attitude It is now universally accepted that women are deprived of their rights. Considering the socio-economic status they are subordinate to men. Our society is always dominated by men. Here women have little things to do. Women always think that they are subordinate to men. Domestic role is their only duty to play. But without their full involvement in the development process we cannot go a long way. Though both men and women have equal rights but we are not in habit of thinking so. Women empowerment is the demand of time. So we should change the attitude of men to have better development. Still they are opposing this policy. (ii) Administrative hindrance Administrative agents play an important role for implementing all kinds of law and policy. But our civil administration is highly corrupted and mostly dominated by men. So there should have administrative hindrances for implementing this policy. Our administrative agents have the lack of willingness to implement this policy. So it would be natural to have hindrances in the process of implementing this policy. (iii) Lack of mass participation In a democratic process mass people are responsible for all sorts of power. But unfortunately it is true that our male dominated mentality and different kinds of social and religious political parties have been not able to accept the change. People participation is needed for formulating the policy. People are not aware of such policy. They are always keep in dark when taking such policy. On the other side government have limited publicity and measures regarding such issues. (iv) Weak position of government and political party Government and political parties play an important role in the democratic process. Their role is essential in the policy formulation and implementation process. But the political parties of our country are not totally aware of women development. Besides some religion based political parties are also protesting the women policy. So it is hardly seems to be difficult to implement this policy. (v) Extreme poverty and economic crisis of women Poverty is a great curse for any development. Most of the people of our country live below the poverty line. Economic growth will not be achievable without reducing poverty. Economic development plays a significant role for overall development activities. So it will be difficult to implement the women policy against extreme poverty and economic crisis. (vi) Limited presence of women in political structure There is huge gender discrimination in our political structure. Women’s participation is limited considering mans participation, although both leading political parties leaders are women. In the general election the direct participation of women are not significant. Women participation in the political structure are limited to reserve seats. So it should be difficult to raise their voices against the male dominated society to implement the women policy. (vii) Negative publicity Different religion based political parties, Islamist activists and organizations have staged demonstration against the proposed national women development policy and they are demanding its immediate withdrawal. The Islamist leaders accused the interim government of trying to implement anti-shariah policy in the name of national women development policy. It is a great hindrance to implement the policy. (viii) Lack of democracy and stable political condition Democracy and political stability is the precondition for overall development of the country. In a democratic process everyone get the equal opportunity to protect basic rights. Economic growth can be ensured through this process. But in our country the instable political condition is not helpful for the implementation of such policy. ix) Organizational limitations An organization plays a dominant role to complete task or to establish any rights properly. So there need a powerful and progressive organizations. In our country there are number of women organizations which are working hard to establish their rights. But in some cases their activity is not strong enough. They are not be able to make them strong in supporting the women policy. (x) Lack of motivation in the leadership process There is not well established organization related the women development. They are not concern about their activity. Leadership process of those organizations is not strong enough. Women are not motivated by those organizations because of their limited activity. So it is also a challenge for implementing the national women development policy. (xi) Lack of women awareness and education of women Women are the half of our total population. Without their involvement in the development activity we cannot go a long way. But the status of our women is poor. Most of them are illiterate and unaware of their rights. So it is difficult for them to establish their rights. Most of them are in deep trouble. They should come out total light. If they are leg behind it will be difficult to implement the policy. (xii) Lack of active participation of civil society Civil society influences the government decision making process through their different activity though they do not take participation in that process directly. But they are only involved in different activity such as seminar, symposium, giving statements and workshops. They do not have active participation in the question of women empowerment in our country. It acts as a major challenge in the way of implementing the national women development policy. xiii) Lack of legal structure and problem of implementation According to the article 27 of our constitutions it is said that, â€Å"All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law. † The prime objectives of women policy is to ensure equality and equity of both men and women in all sphere of life. Change has been made regarding these issues. But th ose are not well enough. In our country we have so many laws but not have the proper implementation. The present women development policy is a guideline for women empowerment. There should have well established legal structure to implement the policy. Without this the policy will not be fruitful for the development of women. (xiv) Fundamentalism The fundamentalist of our country have never accepted the progressive change on any issue. They have always opposed that issue. The recent women policy is not also acceptable to them. Different religion on based political parties, Islamist activists have threatened the government not to implement the policy. They wrong explanation about the policy is misguiding the mass people. 15. Limitations of women development policy-2011 In the article no. 10, 27, 28, 29 of our constitution the equal rights of women are acknowledged. It is a great achievement for the women development. But our political and other social factors create hindrances in the process of women development. Our democratic process is not strong enough for such development. There is lack of willingness of our political leaders to take initiative for women development. Women development policy is the demand of time. But the women policy cannot able to reflect the hope and expectations of the largest part of our population. Some of the limitations of women policy are discussed below: (i) Inherited property is the basic and biggest source of property of human in any other country of the world. Social status of human is determined through this property. But in the women policy there is no clear statement regarding inherited property. So it is the great limitations of this policy. It acts as a great hindrance in the process of women empowerment. (ii) In the women policy it is said that, women should have full control over their inherited property. But how these should be decided is not made clear in the policy. (iii) There are different religions in our society. In the Christian religion women do not get the full access to her property without earned property and gifts. The Hindu women do not have any right to her inherited roperty. So how these women will establish their control over inherited property are not explained in the women policy. (iv) In the women policy there is no option for â€Å"uniform family code. † The civil society who are aware of women development are demanding that for a long time. But in the women policy there is no reflection of this demand. ( v) Few articles of CEDAW charter are extremely restricted in our country which creates barrier for women development. Though government has promised to implement the CEDAW charter but there is no clear-cut direction on behalf of the government for those restricted articles. vi) Participation of women in every aspect especially in national level sports and culture are very much neglected. In the women development policy there is less emphasize given on that issue. (vii) Women oppression is a usual incident in our country. They are deprived and harassed in every aspect of their life. There is no direction to take strong measures to prevent women oppression. There is no discussion of marital rape in that policy. (viii) Different NGOs provide micro-credits the rural women for the socio-economic development. Through this micro-credit system most of the rural women are deprived and exploited. There is not a single world in the women policy regarding this. Besides there are some other limitations of women policy. Such as follows: (i) There should have equal participation of both men and women in domestic work. But it is not mentioned in the policy. Women are not bound to cook, wash cloths and grow up children. Men have lot more things to do. (ii) â€Å"Mohorana† is a trend which is given to a woman at her marriage. But in reality get this mohorana properly. There is no direction to take this in the women policy. (iii) Women are deprived of her right for not obeying the land law. No measure has been taken in the policy regarding this. (iv) There is no direction for implementing dowry prevention law and preventing women oppression in that policy. 16. Recommendations On the basis of our discussion we can give some recommendation. Such as follows:- 1. Clear explanation should be given about inheritances property. 2. Formulating ‘Uniform Family Code’ on grounds of religion, race, caste. 3. Eliminate all kinds of vagueness. 4. Ensure equal participation of women in every aspect of life. 5. The policy should be turned into law for effective implementation. . Build up awareness among mass people for removing any kinds of confusion about the policy. 7. Ensure active and strong participation of government, civil society and different women’s group for the effective implementation of the policy. 8. Attitude of women should be changed towards development and they should be motivated. 9. Ensure women participation to have socio-economic development an d reduce extreme poverty. 10. Women should be self-employed and they should participate in decision making process. 11. Remove all sorts of in consistence of women policy. 17. Conclusion Implementation of the women development policy should be kept completely outside of politicization, as it is an issue of national development. As the policy is talking about eight crore people who are women, its implementation requires active participation of both the government and civil society through a participatory process along with a specific time bound action plan. Again the new policy now requires a through action plan to monitor the state of women in Bangladesh. As the government has already approved the policy we are now counting on the proper implementation with concentration on carrying out the requirements stipulated by CEDAW. Women have to be conscious and aware of their rights and should move forward with the unable utilization of the policy in empowering women and ensuring gender equality. References Majumdar, Dr. Badiul Alam (2011). What are the main reasons of enmity? , in Editorial page, The Daily Prothom Alo, A Daily Bengali Newspaper, Dhaka, Bangladesh, May 09 Sultana, Mahmuda (2011). How far the economic freedom of women? , in Naree page, The Daily Nayadiganta, A Daily Bengali Newspaper, Dhaka, Bangladesh, March 15 The Constitution of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, printed with latest amendment, August 01, 2006, p. ,8,24 Yahya, Abul Fatah Muhammad (2011). Some articles and explanation of the holy Quran, in Religion and life page, The Daily Nayadiganta, A Daily Bengali Newspaper, Dhaka, Bangladesh, March 25 National Women Development Policy-1997 and 2011 The Daily Nayadiganta, March-8, 9, 14, 15,21,24,25, 2011 The Daily Prothom Alo, March-8, 9, 10, 2011 The Daily Sangram, March-10, 14, 27, 30, 2011 Daily Star, The (2011). March, 8 † † † † . March, 10 † † † † . March, 12

World War II in Europe Before essays

World War II in Europe Before essays World War II in Europe Before dawn on September 1, 1939, German forces crossed into Poland in an attack so fast and brutal, they called it blitzkrieg, meaning lightning war. This time Britain and France decided to fight, and on September 3 they declared war on Germany. Roosevelt declared the United States' neutrality, but within weeks asked Congress to lift the Neutrality Acts' arms embargo that prevented Britain and France form buying American weapons. After weeks of debate, it agreed to sell arms to the Allies if they paid cash and carried goods in their own ships. After a lull in fighting over the winter of 1939 and 1940, Hitler launched an invasion of Norway and Denmark for resources such as the fjords. Next the German armies swept into the Netherlands and Belgium, where for the first time they met resistance from the British and French troops. In the spring of 1940, German forces defeated the Allied army and drove it to the sea at the French town of Dunkirk, breaking through the Maginot Line. Cut off from retreat by land, the army was saved when 300,000 British and French troops were evacuated across the English Channel in a heroic nine day rescue effort aided by 600 private boats, known as Operation Sea Lion. In June 1940, Italy suddenly invaded France and declared war on Great Britain. France surrendered and Britain faced Hitler alone. As the German air force bombed British airfields, factories, and cities to prepare the way for German armies to cross the English Channel, Britain found leadership in its new Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. For months, London suffered bombing day and night by hundreds of German planes. The fighter pilots of the Royal Air Force, however, kept the German from gaining control of the skies over Britain and forced Hitler to abandon his invasion plan. When Hitler attacked Yugoslavia and Greece in the spring of 1941, the Nazis overran those countries before lend-lease aid could reach t ...

Change from Quantitative to Qualitative using template Article

Change from Quantitative to Qualitative using template - Article Example Research Purpose Thus, the aim of this quantitative descriptive research study was to appraise nurses’ knowledge on the subject of prevention of unpremeditated perioperative hypothermia (Hegarty, & ettal, 2009). As a result, Hegarty, & ettal (2009) observes that between 60%-90% perioperative patients by chance become hypothermic, which then results in significant negative outcomes on the patient health, including increased hospital-stays, as well as further procedures and even forced to undergo further diagnostic tests. It therefore becomes important to every perioperative nurse to have an in-depth awareness of inadvertent hypothermia, particularly the risk factors and subsequent complications. Research Question The research question centers on whether perioperative setting nurses do have sufficient knowledge base concerning the management of their patients body temperature in a defined range, given the detrimental outcomes linked to inadvertent hypothermia. Normally, accident al hypothermia among perioperative patients has been linked to deprived patient outcomes, whereby control of the patient body temperature is not under a defined range which can sustain a stable body environment (Hegarty, & ettal, 2009). Informed Consent and Ethical Considerations This study can be considered ethical since it considers the basic ethical principles of research comprising autonomy, non-malfeasance, and justice. Notably, ethical approval was acquired from relevant clinical-research ethical committees, even though the researchers have not stated specifically the institutional names of the committees. Furthermore, informed consent was the hallmark of their research, since they used informational leaflet to notify the volunteers of their participation in the study, and as such, participation was voluntary and personal information acquired through questionnaires were kept confidential. Thus, the volunteers were given detailed purpose and objectives of the research study bef orehand (Hegarty, & ettal, 2009). Design In terms of design, the researchers applied a quasi-experimental design whereby the sole variable was not influenced or controlled. The strengths, sample size, limitations, and overall implications have been highlighted just as required in any evidence based nursing study. The study is based on a reflexive progression, which entailed working through every phase of the research whereby the functions of developing theory, gathering and analyzing of data, in addition to elaborating of research questions have been done simultaneously (Hegarty, & ettal, 2009). Hence, each of these functions influenced the others. Data Collection In terms of data collection, questionnaires containing structured questions in several leaflets were filled by participants, even as the entire survey package comprised two survey-tools tailored with consent from original authors of the questionnaires. The intention for tailoring the survey tools was to suit the perioperat ive setting nurses working environment. Moreover, the study participants were able to identify various techniques applied under their clinical-field when trying to make certain that their patients do not acquire hypothermia. In total there were nine questions with the major questions asking the participants to describe hypothermia and the other to list factors which can result in hypothermia for their perioperative patients. They were also asked to state likely sources of heat loss, the methods each participant applies in their